مجله پژوهش های دانش زمین
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1400)

The Kopet-Dagh Basin in northeast Iran, is an inverted basin (Allen et al., 2013) extending from the east of Caspian Sea to NE Iran, Turkmenistan and north Afghanistan (Afshar Harb, 1979; Buryakovsky et al., 2001). This basin separates Central Iran from the Turan plate (Alavi et al., 1997). Following the closure of Palaeo-Tethys in the Middle Triassic (Alavi et al., 1997) and the opening of Neo-Tethys during the Early to Middle Jurassic (Buryakovsky et al., 2001), the Kopet Dagh Basin formed in an extensional regime during the Early to Middle Jurassic (Garzanti and Gaetani, 2002). The objectives of this study are facies analysis and depositional model of the Tirgan Formation in the study areas.

In this study, 3 outcrop sections from the Tirgan Formation (Fig 1), were measured bed-by-bed, and samples were taken systematically. Over 524 fresh carbonate samples were collected, from which 500 thin sections were made. Carbonates were classified using the Dunham (1962) scheme. Siliciclastic rocks were classified using the Folk (1980) scheme.

Petrographic studies in the study area, 17 different microfacies types have been distinguished in four facies belts including tidal-flat, lagoon, shoal, and open marine and 2 petrofacies including subarkose and quartzarenite. According to the field observations, petrographic studies, and comparison of vertical and lateral changes of the facies, the carbonate facies assemblage was deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp, while the siliciclastic lithofacies were deposited in tidal environments at high detrital entry rates.

The background of 3D modeling of fluid inclusion data goes back to use of inverse distance weighting (IDW) method in the Caixiashan Pb and Zn deposit (Sun et al., 2011). This method in spite of having some advantages such as simplicity in basis is associated with disadvantages such as uncertainty in selection of weighting function and ignoring data distribution. Today, new methods have been proposed for estimation including the support vector machine method (Dutta et al., 2010). One of this method’s capabilities is in dealing with small data sets (Dutta, 2006; Zhang et al., 1998). In this study, fluid inclusion thermodynamic parameters have been estimated using support vector regression method. Predictive model of mineralization has been provided acording to 3D models resulted for fluid inclusion data and also assumption of proper thermodynamic conditions for chalcopyrite deposition in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit.

In this study, a total of 173 data sets of fluid inclusions were obtained from 59 locations. This dataset using genetic algorithm method divided into training and testing sets (80% and 20%, respectively). Modeling of fluid inclusion thermodynamic parameters has been done by support vector regression method. The SVR is based on the statistical learning theory and the structural risk minimization.

After preparing and determination of training and test datasets, radial basis kernel function (RBF) was selected in order to estimate and model the fluid inclusion thermodynamic parameters using the support vector regression method. Better functionality was the main reason of using this kernel. In the next step, parameters were needed to be carefully determined to obtain a model with high generalization ability. In this regard, the grid search method with cross validation was used to determine optimal values for the model parameters. Model was then trained using the training dataset and finally evaluated on the test dataset. Then fluid inclusion thermodynamic parameters for each block of deposit were estimated using support vector regression method. According to mineralogical and fluid inclusion studies in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, it has been determined that chalcopyrite deposition is related to fluids with moderate to high salinity and temperatures of 300-400 °C. The predictive model was prepared based on these conditions and estimated thermodynamic Parameters in block model. In this model, each arbitrary block has been labeled on a scale of 1 to 4 (based on the favorable conditions for chalcopyrite deposition). These labels are possibility index for copper deposition. According to possibility index, proper zones have been determined in 3D model. In order to performance evaluation of support vector regression method, the predictive model was compared with 3D model of copper grade. The results of this comparison showed that prepared predictive 3D model has high consistent with copper grade block model.

In this study, 3D modeling of fluid inclusion data was performed to estimate the thermodynamic parameters affecting mineralization (homogenization and eutectic temperatures and salinity) using support vector regression method to determine potential mineralization points in the area. Using the 3D models, we found the homogenization and eutectic temperatures and fluids salinity (in different ranges of these factors) in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit. To evaluate the 3D modeling efficiency in advancing the exploration process of the porphyry deposits, the conformity between mineralization and thermodynamic variations of the fluid inclusions was investigated and, based on it; a tool called “Predictive Model” was presented for the evaluation of the occurrence of mineralization in different parts of the region. A comparison of the SVR-based predictive model and the copper grade block model shows acceptable conformity in low, medium, and high-grade regions.

The Zagros orogeny as a central part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt is one of the most seismically active intracontinental fold-and-thrust belts on the Earth, and has an important role in active tectonics of the Middle East. The Hormuz Salt and several intermediate decollement levels, appears to be responsible for the most aseismic deformation of the Zagros sedimentary cover, and also to control the development of a large panel of fold structures, from detachment to fault-propagation folds with varying wavelength and rooting depth. The Dalan anticline located in the Fars province and mantled by soft Oligo-Miocene sediments in SW of the Central Zagros. For the kinematic and geometric analysis of the anticline based on satellite images, geological maps and field observations, three structural cross section perpendicular to fold axis have been studied. Comparing the position of the Dalan fold axis and axial plane in the aa', bb' and cc' cross sections indicates that in the axis of the anticline was rotated about 15 degrees toward the southeast. Regard to interlimb angle estimations and Ramsay classifications from all three cross sections, Dalan anticline is the open fold and 1B-1C classes, respectively. Based on geometrical and kinematic analysis and comparison from studied models such as Sattarzadeh et al, (2000) and Mitra (2003), the Dalan anticline is detachment fold type and compatible with the Lift –off Model With syncline evacuation model. In this model, limb rotation, migration of ductile sediment in outer hinges and syncline to core of anticline occurred.

Lake Urmia is located in the northwestern of Iran. The geographic coordinates of this lake is between 37⁰ 03' to 38⁰ 17' North and 44⁰ 59' to 45⁰ 56' East. Lake Urmia is largest and saltiest permanent lake in Iran with a surface area of approximately 6000 km2, a length of 120 to 150 km, a width of 20 to 50 km, a maximum depth of 13 m, and Average depth of 6 m. Based on this, its average volume is estimated between 12 to 33 Milliard tones in times of aridity and wateriness, respectively. In recent years, environmental crisis and drying of about 85 percent of Lake Urmia water's, is considered one of the biggest geological hazards in the Azerbaijan region of Iran. Drying of Lake Urmia has been associated with a vast unloading on the surface of the crust. In this research, uplifting of the earth's crust (Isostatic Rebound) as a result of unloading due to the drying of Lake Urmia and the hazards caused by it have been investigated.

 In this research, uplift rate of crust (Isostatic Rebound)  is calculated based on: Unloading as a consequence of the Lake Urmia desiccation during 22 years (from 1375 to 1396) Density of fresh water (because of deposition of soluble and insoluble materials in water at the bottom of the lake) Regional isostasy (flexural isostasy) and the hazards of isostatic rebound has been investigated.

In this study, first the maximum amount flexure or depression due to the initial loading of water and its required parameters is estimated and then the amount of isostatic rebound (uplift) after loading from the surface of Lake Urmia as the result of decreasing water level and related parameters and the hazards of isostatic rebound has been investigated.

According to the estimates of this research, following the surface unloading of the lake Urmia, there are 85 mm uplift possibility, to balance the isostatic rebound. This uplift could be sudden in 22 years (0.39 cm/year) that, for confirmation, more comprehensive studies with sufficient data are needed. In this study, due to the lack or absence of sufficient data and the cost of data preparation and lack of time was not possible.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Ministry of the Sciences, Research and Technology of Iran and the University of Tabriz.

Various sources and methods used to identify different zones of a field that can investigate different zones and layers of the reservoir. The purpose of this study is to determine electrofacies and HFUs in the Kangan and upper Dalan Formations in one of the southern Iranian gas fields. The importance of determining and investigate the facies with the well quality and separation of this facies from other facies causes better knowledge of quality zones and also due to the use of available information can save time and money. In this study use well log, the concept of clustering and the MRGC method in Geolog software, the log petrophysical data were clustered and finally, 5 electrofacies were identified. Among these identified facies, electrofacies No. 4 with dolomite lithology was identified as the best reservoir zone due to high effective porosity and low shale volume. After determining electrofacies by using the aforementioned methods, HFUs were identified with core data. Finally, after determining the HFUs, to investigate the relationship between electrofacies and HFUs, the cross sections of wells and HFUs are placed next to the designated electrofacies. After examining depth to depth, a high correlation was observed between them. This result shows that, this electrofacies model can be used in all wells in this field.

The Ravar terrane, is situated at the south of the Tabas block. At the Ravar series Mesozoic strata, especially the Jurassic carbonate- evaporite deposits known as Pectinid limestone, Magu gypsum and Bido red evaporates are the most important parts of this deposits and have a variety of facies, distribution, and suitable exposure. Upper Jurassic Sequence stratigraphy of the mentioned deposits were messed up and even their position on the geological maps are not coherently elaborated. So investigation on the sedimentary environment and tectonic controller factors will be a great help in understanding the sequence stratigraphy position of these deposits. Thickness of mostly shale, interbedded Pectinid limestone, gypsiferous marl, red gypsum to white and finally red evaporates sequences were measured 470, 725, 50, more than 1450 (possibly contains Hojedk and Baghamshah Formations), and 1300 m, respectively. Eleven indicator facies were identified in the studied deposits which ended in tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine belts. These facies illustrate environmental characteristics of carbonate-evaporite sequences. The facies changes, display the shallow carbonate homocline ramp setting.

After studying satellite images and field surveys in the Ravar region of Kerman, 5 sections of Lakarkuh-1 and 2, Horjond, Khorand and East of Bahabad were selected as the most suitable geological sections. Total of 68 thin sections from four sections of LakarKuh-1 and 2, Horjand and Khorand were examined by petrography. Of course, it is worth mentioning that no samples were taken from the Bahabad section and these were examined only to compare the thickness and lithological facies and especially evaporite deposits.

After extensive field surveys, five geological sections with the most complete outcrops were finally selected. The reason for the decrease in the thickness of evaporative deposits from 1450 m in the Khordand, 1300 m in the Bahabad, 725 m in the Horjond, 450 m in Lakarkuh-1 and 50 m in LakarKuh-2 can probably be due to the local changes in sea water levels and availability of more evaporative conditions. In order to identify and interpret gypsum and anhydrite facies and related fabrics, several sections have been selected in the Lakarkuh and Horjond areas. First, after introducing field photos, some of the important identified fabrics were examined. The microfacies investigation of 4 sections has led to the identification of 11 microfacies with the acronyms A, B, C and D, which belong to the 4 facies belts of intertidal, lagoon, shoal and open sea environments. Finally, according to the identified facies, a sedimentary environment model was presented.

The unusual and high thicknesses of gypsum in the Ravar region often have a tectonic origin and are mainly related to the formation of disharmonic folds. Evidence such as single nodules, enterolytic, and fenestral textures in evaporites show that these factories formed simultaneously with deposition or in the early stages of diagenesis. Three facies’ belts including intertidal zone facies (A1, A2 and A3 facies), high tidal zone facies (A4 and A5), and lagoon (B1) have been identified. The sedimentary model presented for the studied deposits in the shallow parts of a carbonate-evaporative system, which was probably a hemoclinical ramp. Examination of evaporitic facies in Lakarkuh and Horjond regions indicates that these facies are often deposited in sabkha and intertidal and lagoon environments.

Livability is a general concept that is associated with a number of other concepts and words, such as sustainability, quality of place and healthy community. Livable settlements define habitat as a suitable place for work and life. Livability theory was based on Abraham Maslow's work on human needs. The increasing importance of livability is due to increased awareness of unsustainable life patterns and unhealthy and unsustainable consumption, which in the long term reduces the capacity of environmental resources for supporting the population. In the field of quality of life this theory has been generally developed by Wienhown who believes that people are happier and are more satisfied in a community that meets their needs better. In general, the livability coin has two faces: livelihoods and ecological stability. Thus, one of the dimensions of livability is stable livelihood. One of the solutions for increasing the sustainability of rural livelihoods is livelihoods diversity. This phenomenon leads to poverty reduction due to the emphasis on better job opportunities for empowerment of rural households. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One of the examples of livelihood diversity is border exchange in border settlements. The definition of border exchange, its environmental result and its role in the sustainability or instability of rural settlements is discussed here forth.

Kurdistan province is geographically located between northern 34° 44' to 36° 30' latitude and 45° 31' to 48° 16' longitude. Currently, Kurdistan Province has 10 counties, 27 districts, and 29 towns. Kurdistan Province, with an area of 28203 square kilometers, is located adjacent to the eastern part of Iraq. Villages with border license totaling 10817 households have been studied as a statistical society. In the present research, in terms of research methodology we used both quantitative and qualitative methods. For theoretical framework, both livability theory and livelihood diversity theory have been used. In order to investigate the research problem, a deductive strategy was used and for collecting data two conventional methods of library studies (books, theses, journals, the results of censuses, relevant statistics, photographs, pictures, films, documentaries, etc.) and surveying were used. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, SPSS software and related statistical tests such as independent T and Wilcoxon were used. For analysis of qualitative data, researcher's views, opinions of scholars, statements by the officials of the city's and field investigations have been used.

The average of the effects of border exchanges on the stability of villages before and after the temporary border marketplace was 22.77 and 17.62, respectively, which had a mean difference of 5.15 before and after the construction of temporary border markets. Also, the standard deviation of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace is 2.84 and 1.36, respectively. To examine the effect of temporary border marketplace, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average rating in the period before the construction of temporary border markets (45.22) was for environmental destruction and the results were higher than the average of the group after the construction of temporary border marketplace (13.5). Therefore, it can be said that with construction of temporary border markets, environmental results, including the destruction of forest areas and its implications were reduced. The value of the Wilcoxon test is (8.05) and its significance level is 0.05 at 0.000. Based on the significance level, the difference between the dependent variable in two periods before the construction of the temporary border marketplace and after the construction of temporary border marketplace, it is meaningful. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research on the existence of a relationship between border exchanges and environmental evolution and the second hypothesis regarding the positive results of border exchanges in the livability of the settlements of the border villages of Kurdistan province after the construction of temporary border marketplaces are confirmed.Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One example of the diversification of rural livelihoods is border exchange; the phenomenon of border exchanges is now in legal ways, including temporary marketplaces, border licenses and electronic border credit cards. This phenomenon is an appropriate alternative for diversifying rural livelihoods, fair distribution of income, population stability, socioeconomic and spatial justice, protection of the environment, especially the preservation of forested areas. Applied studies show that reliance on non-agricultural livelihood diversity strategies are beneficial due to increase in household income. In this framework, border exchange is one of the examples of diversification of rural livelihoods with positive economic results. On the other hand, as it is derived from the questionnaires, the use of pressurized irrigation and reduction of water losses in the fields, the participation of local people in environmental NGOs, for example the Green Chia Association, participation in forest fire extinguishing, along with reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in agricultural fields, reduced animal hunting, reduced overharvesting, reduce of human waste and animal waste in the rural range and out of rural range, reduce in the population's dependence on forests and pastures are quite evident.

It is obvious that with changes in the financial and income resources of the border residents, the desire to improve livelihoods and increase satisfaction has expanded. The development of environmental protection, such as decreasing environmental destruction, reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, increasing participation in non-governmental environmental institutions, participation in firefighting, reducing the unconventional use of forests and their products and decreasing disposal of human and animal waste in the rural environment and forest arenas are positive environmental impacts of border exchanges. Obviously, if this phenomenon is extended to other parts of the county, with the improvement of livelihoods, the fields of cultural, political, physical and environmental development will accrete and increase. An adverse event caused by rising income is construction of garden houses and villas, mostly with urban residents. With necessary means such as educating people, coherent supervision in the areas of desirability can be managed. Therefore, the diversification strategy of rural livelihoods based on the capability of each region, using the potential of the border is a useful solution. This strategy reduces livability limitations of rural settlements.

Climate plans are used in macro-planning, especially for natural disasters (Rezaei et al., 2015). Statistical micro-distribution methods are more efficient due to easy and cheap calculations (Diersing, 2009). One of the statistical models is the SDSM model, which is the relationship between large-scale predictors and local-scale predictors based on multiple linear regression methods. According to research, the SDSM model has an acceptable accuracy in clustering micro data. On the other hand, due to the importance of Yasuj station and its location in Karun catchment area and the need for planning to manage water resources in this basin, the present study uses CanESM2 output, which is one of the climate change models of CMIP5. The IPCC, simulates and examines climate and temperature variables at Yasuj station from 2020 to 2067.​​Study Area Yasuj is a city in southwestern Iran, the capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, located on the banks of Bashar River, at the hillsides of the Dena Peak. Yasuj city is located in a cold climate region and has a temperate climate that tends to be cold.
Study

The SDSM microcontroller model was developed in 2002 in the UK by Wilby and Dawson. This model is based on daily local climate data (temperature and precipitation) and large-scale NCEP regional data. The canESM2 model is the fourth generation of climate models developed by the Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCMA) and networks the earth in the form of cells measuring 128 x 64 (Charron 2016). In this study, NCEP observational data were used to compile monthly models and canESM2 model outputs were used to predict the amount of variables using SDSM software. NCEP atmospheric variables enter the regression equation of the SDSM model. After selecting the predictors, the observational data of the Yasuj Synoptic Station and the data of the National Center for Predicting Environmental Variables of Canada (NCEP) were calibrated. Then, in order to ensure the calibrated model, temperature and precipitation for the period 2035-2020 were simulated and by comparing the observed and simulated data, the efficiency of the model for Yasuj station was investigated.

In this study, based on the observed data and the global model canESM2, the mean minimum and maximum temperature and average precipitation during the three periods of 2035-2020, 2051-2036 and 2067-2052 were compared with the base period of 2005-2007 under three RCP2 scenarios. RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were simulated for Yasuj station and the accuracy of the model was evaluated. The maximum agreement is at the minimum and maximum temperatures of the observed and simulated data, which show the appropriate and acceptable efficiency of simulating the desired climatic parameters for the period. In general, the amount of precipitation will increase in all studied future periods. This increase will be more evident than RCP2.6 according to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. In general, the maximum minimum temperature during the period 2035-2020 shows an increasing anomaly of about 0.5 degrees and in the future periods 2051-2036 and 2067-2052 it shows a decrease compared to the base period. The lowest minimum temperature is estimated for January 2035-2020 under the RCP8.5 scenario.The maximum temperature of Yasuj station during the periods shows an increase. Incremental changes are less in June and August and more in January to May as well as in October, November and December. Of course, these changes are more noticeable in November and April. The highest temperature in the coming years will be related to July of 2051-2036 under the RCP4.5 scenario.

According to the results, it was found that precipitation in the coming years will show an increasing anomaly, which is faster in the first period and slower in the final periods.Slight changes in precipitation along with increasing temperature have affected the quality of water resources. This is due to the importance of this station in Karun catchment. Therefore future planning of water resources management should deal with the least quantitative and qualitative effects of water resources in the basin.

Streambank erosion is a complex process that has many contributing factors. Geomorphologically, erosion of the streambed and influx of sediments and large woody debris into the channel lead to changes in river flow, floodplain development and river channel morphology. Accordingly, stream bank erosion is an important management problem along the alluvial rivers. The main aim of this study is to analyze the erosion susceptibility of the riverbank and to map the erosion zoning at reach scale.

In this paper, the Bank Erosion Vulnerability Zonation (BEVZ) method is used to investigate the erosion of the river bank. This method was first proposed by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2014) for zoning the hazard of river bank erosion on the River Haora of India. In this method, six parameters of river bank slope, meander index, longitudinal river gradient, soil erodibility factor, vegetation cover and anthropogenic factor were used. In this study, the above parameters were used with slight modifications and addition of lithology factor as well as changes in scoring. The study area was a reach of the Neka River (Iran, Mazandaran) from the village of Sefidchah to the Gelevard Dam with a length of 17 km. Path of the river was traced using Google Earth images and in Arc GIS software from both sides of the river, a buffer width of 20 meters was determined to assess erosion. After preparing the above data layers and classifying them into ARC GIS software, the final map was obtained using the overlay sum and, based on minimum and maximum scores. The erodibility of the river bank was classified into five groups. To analyze the erodibility of the riverbank, the amount of channel displacement was measured over a 13-year period (2006-2019). The channel displacement was measured at a constant distance of 250 m and the mean displacement was calculated.

More than 66% of the river's slope lies between 0.001-0.01 m/m. Lithologically, 79.5% of the river flow is composed of alluvial sediments. In river banks, 63% of the vegetation is of very low density, including grasslands and scattered trees and approximately ten percent of the riverbanks consist of dense and very dense trees. The slope of the river bank was less than 10 degrees in 96.6% of the river's course. Bank height varied from 1 to 2 meters in 59% of the river channel. The meander index is 60.7% of the river's length between 1-1.5, and 26.4 percent of the river's route is in the convex side. The anthropogenic factor in the study area is gravel extraction that include approximately 34% of the river route. With the overlapping of information layers, the final map of river bank erodibility has been divided into different classes including very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Of the entire study reach, 65 and 20 percent of the riverbanks have moderate and high erodibility, respectively.By comparing the centerline of the channel in the 13-year period 2006-2019, the channel displacements in the reaches of 1 to 4 were 0.87, 0.85, 0.83 and 0.42 m/y, respectively. There is a correlation coefficient of 0.84 between the percentage of high erodibility of river bank and the annual channel displacement rate, which indicates the lateral displacement of the river was higher in the reaches with higher erodibility. Among the effective parameters in erosion, lithology is the first rank with 33%, which is due to river crossing of loose alluvial deposits. Another factor is vegetation that, due to low density, cannot withstand erosion, so it is ranked second in river bank erosion with 31% impact.

The results of river bank erodibility map show that 20% of river banks have high erodibility potential.There is a significant relationship between the displacement of the river channel and the erosion rate of the river bank, which confirms the high probability of precision and accuracy of this map. This map provides a spatial view and is suitable for locating and planning any river-related human activities such as road, bridge, dam, sand extraction, and so on. Therefore, by identifying and analyzing the factors affecting river bank erosion at each reach, it will be possible to prioritize human activities more accurately and avoid potential hazards.

Awareness of the soil erosion risk in watersheds makes it possible to identify critical areas and prioritize management and conservation programs. Due to the lack of accurate and acceptable information about the small amount of soil erosion in watersheds, it is often necessary to estimate the sensitivity or potential of different areas of the watershed in terms of the severity of soil erosion. The use of new RS/GIS techniques along with modeling processes such as soil erosion accelerates the recognition, control and management of natural resources. Among the many methods for predicting erosion using RS/GIS, the ICONA model simulation results are widely accepted. The ICONA model is one of the simplest and most flexible qualitative methods for assessing erosion risk map. This model is an erosion risk assessment method that uses qualitative decision rules and hierarchical organization of the four main inputs. The erosion risk map prepared with the ICONA model can be used as a reliable framework for erosion risk assessment. This model with its flexibility can be used in decision making to solve the problems of soil erosion and degradation in specific conditions of each country or study area. The purpose of this study is to apply the ICONA qualitative model and the use of RS/GIS techniques to assess the potential for erosion risk in the Kasilian watershed (representing large areas of mountainous and forested parts of northern Alborz in Iran).

In this study, with the aim of investigating the risk of erosion and identifying areas sensitive to water erosion in the Kasilian watershed, remote sensing and GIS techniques were used in the framework of the ICONA model. The ICONA model consists of seven stages. This model starts with 4 layers of slope, geology, vegetation and land use and by preparing two layers of soil erodibility and soil protection maps, has identified and evaluated the potential for erosion risk in different land uses. Study area Kasilian watershed with an area of ​​6750 hectares in the geographical range of Alborz. It lies within the latitudes of 35° 58′ 45′′ to 36° 07′ 45′′ north, and longitudes of 53° 01′ 30′′ to 53° 17′ 30′ east and south of Savadkooh city. It is located in Mazandaran province. This area represents large areas of mountainous and forested parts of northern Alborz in Iran. Land use of Kasilian watershed mainly includes forests, pastures, agriculture, residential and rock outcrops.

Due to its morphological and topographic characteristics, Kasilian watershed is an area with high density and elongation with a large area of ​​very high slope class (20-35%), formations sensitive to water erosion (Shemshak formation), soil with heavy to semi texture heavy and hydrological group of soil is C. Therefore, erosion is predicted and observed in sensitive areas of the study area. Findings of the study in the area show that high vegetation has moderated the slope effect, in general, the highest level of erosion risk class is in the middle class. At the same time, the southern and higher parts of the forest lands of Kasilian watershed are in high risk of erosion due to reduced vegetation and slope. The findings also showed that the risk of erosion is very high in rangelands with high slope and low protection. The rock outcrop lands that exist in the upper elevations of the study area have a slope of more than 35%. These lands are in a very low erosion risk class. In fact, higher slopes can also provide a natural protection against soil erosion.

In total, 26.26% is in the medium erosion risk class, 25.44% in the low erosion risk class, 18.83% in the very low erosion risk class, 18.55% in the high erosion risk class and 10.92% is of very high erosion risk class. Rangelands and parts of agricultural lands rank first in the extent of the erosion risk class. The southern parts of the forest lands (with reduced vegetation cover) are in the high erosion risk class. This model can be used as a reliable framework for erosion risk assessment and can identify areas prone to erosion with a minimum parameter, cost and time reduction, accuracy and good flexibility.

Floods are environmental phenomena that are in the category of hydrological hazards, but to identify the cause and manage strategies to control them, other environmental sciences such as meteorology, watershed management, etc. must be utilized. Because atmospheric systems play a role in the occurrence of rainfall which in combination with topographic factors, surface topology, land use and morphology of catchments based on the slope and hydraulics of rivers and urban waterways cause flooding. Therefore, in studying the problem of floods, especially in residential areas, a combination of environmental sciences can play an important role in understanding the mechanism and development of urban floods. Also, computer models have been upgraded to simulate the behavior of urban floods. Their approach is based on the conversion of precipitation to runoff, which can be evaluated and validated with results. These models are trusted in estimating the volume and flow of runoff from the flood. The hydraulic behavior of urban floods can be simulated using hydrological models, and the SWMM model has many applications in this field. In this study, we tried to determine the hydraulic behavior of floods by recognizing the patterns of flood generating patterns and estimating the volume and flow of floods in drainage channels of Minab city. The results will be provided to urban planners to improve drainage channels and duct capacity.

In order to identify the weather patterns of floods in Minab, at first the meteorological parameters of the region during a period of 19 years (2000-2018) were prepared by the Meteorological Organization and atmospheric parameters including average annual temperature, minimum and maximum monthly average, 24-hour rainfall, number of monthly rainfall days and number of flood days (rainfall more than 30 mm per day) were presented in the table. Next, from the floods that occurred, two urban flood events were selected and the atmospheric meteorologists of that day at the level of 500 hPa and sea level pressure were extracted from the NCEP / NCAR data center website and mapped in ArcGIS software processing environment. SWMM model was used to estimate runoff caused by urban floods and to model the hydraulic behavior of flood flow in the surface water drainage network of Minab city; in such a way the first the model was calibrated and evaluated with the events of observational floods and after its verification, the outflow from urban sub-basins, water volume in drainage channels, flooding in canals and duct capacity were simulated in urban sub-basins of Minab.

Average annual temperature is 28.7 degrees Celsius and its maximum is in June and July with 38 degrees Celsius and its minimum in December with 19 degrees Celsius. Most of the rainfall in Minab plain occurs in November to March, which peaks in December with 22 mm. Heavy rains start in November and end in March, and in April, heavy rains have occurred once during these years, which has led to urban floods in Minab. In the first pattern, synoptic examination of flood days in Minab showed that the 500-hpa trough in Iran and the low pressure of the Persian Gulf caused floods. In the second model of flood generator, the cold system from Central Iran at the level of 500 hPa and the low pressure system of Iran caused floods on the shores of the Persian Gulf and especially the Minab plain. In this study, two events of rainfall (19/1/2014) and (11/3/2015) were used to calibrate the SWMM model. The third event of 11/12/2015 was used to evaluate the model and to analyze the results. The coefficient of flow and the square of the mean squared error were used. The simulated model is compared with the SWMM model and their differences are not significant, indicating that the model is able to estimate and simulate the hydrological parameters of urban floods. From 100 mm of rainfall in Minab urban area, about 195 million liters of water has been runoff, of which about 189.6 million liters have been wasted as floods.

The result of urban flood modeling in Minab showed that the densely populated areas of Minab city play an important role due to impermeability to urban floods and water retention. Since Hazara Castle sub-basin, Velayat Park, City Center and Sheikhabad do not have enough capacity to transfer runoff during floods. With these conditions, the results of this research can be provided to city planners and designers of surface water conduction systems and urban drainage networks of Minab.

From a climatic point of view, the main cause of drought at latitudes of 30 degrees north is subtropical high pressure. Temporal and spatial changes of subtropical hypertension cause anomalies in regional and global circulation and consequently climatic anomalies. These changes are important.

In this study, the changes of subtropical high pressure spatial autocorrelation on Iran from daily geopotential altitude data of 500 hPa during the years 1979-1979 for the warm period of the year, i.e. June 22 to September 22, were used. The data was taken with a pixel size of 0.25 by 0.25 degrees for the Era-Interim version, from the European Center for Medium-Term Weather Forecast database.

The results showed that according to the global Moran index, subtropical high pressure changes over Iran have a high cluster state. The index showed that in all periods, there were cold spots on the northern, northwestern and northeastern strip, and hot spots on the west, southwest and areas of the south and center of the country. In the second and third periods, the distribution of the standard oval pattern was circular, but in the first period it was elongated and this state reached its maximum in the fourth period and reached a northwest-southeast state, which indicates the further expansion of subtropical hypertension over the regions to the west and the upward trend to the north and the lack of expansion of this system over the eastern regions of Iran. Changes in cold spots on Iran have an increasing trend, especially in the fourth period in the eastern regions of the country it has reached its peak, which indicates a change in the location of hot spots on Iran and its spread to the west and north compared to other periods.

This paper aims to investigate subtropical high pressure changes using spatial statistics methods. The advantage of this study over other studies on the study of subtropical hypertensive changes is the use of spatial statistics methods, so that the result is very consistent with synoptic research conducted by other researchers such as Hejazizadeh (1993), Movahedi and Et al. (2012), Asakereh and Fattahian (2015), Alipour et al. (2015), Alijani et al. It shows the changes of two surface indices (positive local Moran index) and subtropical hypertension intensity (Getis-Ardji index at 99% level) and the output of the work is increasing the surface index and subtropical hypertension intensity on Iran from the first period to the fourth period, which shows a tendency to the west and northwest. The results of descriptive statistics analysis showed that the average height of geopotential level of 500 on Iran from the first to the fourth period has increased and its maximum has occurred in the fourth period.

Marine and lake terraces are one of the geomorphological features that exist in the coastal areas, which are due to the erosion of an old coastal platform, tectonic uplift of coastlines and fluctuations in sea level. The marine terraces may be located above or below sea level, depending on the time of formation. Due to the relatively smooth surface of the terraces, these terraces are commonly used for human activities. The study of sea and lake terraces is done for different purposes and by several methods, which include the use of radar interferometry to estimate marine terraces (rising coasts) which is one of the most important geomorphological features. Out of 25 marine terraces in the coast of Makran (Iran and Pakistan), there are 12 marine terraces in Iran and their elevation has risen under the influence of tectonic processes. In the past, studies on the rate of rise of these marine terraces have been done using the methods of determining the absolute age, but due to the limited number of tests and also the impossibility of generalizing the results to all different parts of the marine terrace, a comprehensive study of this marine terrace are not possible at different elevation levels. Therefore, the use of radar interferometry technique allows a more comprehensive study of this phenomenon.

To measure the deformation behavior of a phenomenon requires examining the time series of that phenomenon in the region. Therefore, several images must be available at different time intervals from that region and several interferometers must be inserted between different time intervals to calculate the rate of deformation in the calculations, which is known as interferometric time series analysis. For interferometric time series processing in this study, by selecting permanent scattering pixels in the whole region, the time series behavior of these pixels was investigated using the short base length (SBAS) method. In this research, ASAR radar sensor image of ENVISAT satellite obtained between 2003 and 2010 (Sarscape software) was used to implement each of the mentioned time series.

The results show that the impact of tectonic activity on marine terrace is not only uplift and in addition there are several subsidence in the terraces. The highest average rate of elevation is related to Lipar marine terrace with 0.73 mm per year (maximum 4.11 mm per year) and then Chabahar with 0.34 mm per year (maximum 3.17 mm per year). Guatre and Pasabandar terraces are in the next ranks.

The results of this study show the appropriate efficiency of ENVISAT-ASAR satellite data and SBAS model in the study of deformation of Oman marine terrace. The highest rate of uplift in the study area is observed in Lipar and Chabahar, which has the effect of higher tectonic uplift and the highest altitude of Iranian marine terrace in this area. The uplift rate from the west of the region to the east is gradually decreasing, and this is accompanied by a decrease in the height of the marine terrace. Therefore, it can be assumed that the decrease in altitude of the terraces located in the west of Chabahar (Konarak, Gordim, Tang, Kalat and Jask) has been associated with a decrease in the uplift rate compared to Chabahar, which requires monitoring the altitude changes of the marine terrace in this area. The morphological effect of these uplifts in the study area can be seen in the formation of normal faults and the placement of the terraces in a flat manner and in their margins marl and sandstone precipices. This process has led to the emergence of sequences of sandstone and marl sediments on the surface and more severe erosion of marl sediments than sandstones has created a kind of differential erosion which is one of the morphological features of this coastal zone. Normand et al. (2019) has studied marine terrace on the coasts of Iran, using the method of carbon 14dating and with optical luminescence simulator index and the highest rate of elevation of sea terraces in this region during the period of 20 to 50 thousand years ago have been estimated to be 0.5 to 1.2 mm per year. The rate obtained in Normand studies is slightly higher than the rate obtained during the period studied in this study (2003-2009) and the slight difference between the displacement rates of these two studies can be related to its time dimension. The time period studied by Normand et al. (2019) is about 30,000 years ago and that during this time the uplift rate can be affected by variable tectonic activity and in some years this high rate is more than the transfer rate in the period studied in this research.

Sudanese low-pressure is a system with tropical characteristics. Its precipitation characteristics are very similar to that of tropical systems. This is especially evident in the countries on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf and in the southern and southwestern parts of Iran. Heavy rainfall of this system results in high moisture potential and access to the resources of the warm southern seas. Some researchers believe that the system originated in the northward expansion of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the range of 25 to 35° east (in East Africa) and created a thermal nucleus in southern Sudan and Ethiopia (Lashkari, 1996; 2001). The aim of this study is to identify the adaptation of northward expansion of the Sudanese low-pressure trough with the ITCZ northward expansion pattern during pervasive and severe rainfall in the cold season in the southern half of Iran.

Two categories of data were used for this study. These data included daily precipitation data from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and the ERA interim gridded data which included sea level pressure and the specific humidity of the 700 HP of the ECMWF. Second category data with horizontal resolution of 0.5 × 0.5° during 1997-2017 statistical period were prepared. Subsequently, based on the selected criteria, 86 pervasive and severe rainfall systems were identified. Then, the ITCZ's average monthly position, the central core pattern, the area of the first closed curve, and the expansion of the Sudanese low-pressure trough for all 86 days of rainfall were plotted. In the final step, the position of the ITCZ was identified using a special humidity variable of 700 HP in the tropical region for the systems of each month.

This study has been examining the degree of adaptation and the role of the ITCZ in the formation, expansion and moisture supply of rainfall by Sudanese systems in three general forms for selected precipitation samples.Expansion pattern of the Sudanese low-pressure core During all months, the region between the eastern border of Sudan and Ethiopia is the focus of Sudan's low-pressure core. In November, December, March and April the pattern of distribution of low-pressure cores show very good adaptation with the expansion pattern of the ITCZ. However in January and February, the cores become condensed in the southeastern part of Sudan. Expansion pattern Sudanese low-pressure first closed curve The pattern of expansion of Sudanese low-pressure first closed curve shows very good adaptation with the trough pattern of the ITCZ in all months. The adaptation of the ITCZ trough and the pattern of expansion of the low-pressure internal core indicate that it plays a significant role in the strengthening and flowing pattern of Sudanese low-pressure.Synoptic expansion pattern of Sudanese low-pressure trough axis In all cases and all months, the extension of the low-pressure trough, especially over the Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandeb Strait, and even part of the Arabian Peninsula is in adaptation with the extension of the ITCZ trough.

During all the months of the rainy season, an ITCZ trough with a southwest-northeast direction extends from the Horn of Africa to northern Yemen. The pattern of expansion of Sudanese low-pressure trough, the pattern of nucleus distribution and the extent of expansion of the first closed curve are fully in adaptation with the monthly pattern of ITCZ expansion. This shows the undeniable role of ITCZ in the formation, expansion and moisture supply of rainfall systems. In January, in all three cases, the number of precipitation systems, the distribution effect area and the penetration depth of the input systems to the southern half of Iran are of primary importance. This could be related to the weaker thermodynamics of the Sudanese system at the beginning of its activity, the weak expansion of ITCZ in the region due to the westward position of the Arabian anticyclone at the beginning of the rainy season and the westward return at the end of the rainy season.